Deskripsi
Description
Tata letak Kraton dipenuhi dengan makna simbolis. Bersama dengan seni pertunjukan dan ritual, kraton tidak terpisahkan dari keberadaan Kerajaan dan peradaban Jawa yang telah dikembangkan dan disempurnakan sejak abad ke-16 dalam istana Kerajaan Mataram. Lokasi, ukuran, orientasi, nama, dan pemanfaatan bangunan, paviliun, halaman, gerbang, lapangan, dan pepohonan, semuanya dijiwai dengan makna simbolis. Kompleks ini dilindungi oleh undang-undang cagar budaya nasional (SK Menteri No.PM.07/PW.007/MKP/2010).
Kraton dibagi menjadi tujuh (7) halaman (plataran) dengan alun-alun di utara dan selatan. Setiap halaman dihubungkan oleh sebuah regol (gerbang) yang menjadi pembatas antara halaman yang satu dengan halaman lainnya. Setiap halaman memiliki makna dan fungsi tersendiri yang diatur dalam sistem pengelolaan tradisional Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Tata Rakiting Wewangunan). Misalnya, tarian sakral tertentu hanya boleh dipentaskan pada acara-acara penting dan hanya di tempat-tempat tertentu di Kraton. Demikian pula, sesajen yang disiapkan untuk ritual harus disiapkan di halaman tertentu di dalam Kraton. Pusat Kompleks Kraton dianggap paling suci, dan merupakan titik persentuhan antara dunia makro-mikro. Kediaman Sultan berada di bagian tengah kompleks ini bersama dengan bangunan paling penting yaitu Bangsal Prabayeksa, tempat api abadi disimpan dan ritual maupun tarian sakral dilakukan.
Sebagian besar bangunan Kraton mengikuti gaya arsitektur tradisional Jawa, meskipun pada bangunan tertentu, yang dibangun dari abad ke-20 dan seterusnya, ada pengaruh dari tradisi dan bahan bangunan Eropa. Bangunan-bangunan di Kraton biasanya berbentuk Joglo (struktur besar seperti paviliun yang dibangun di atas tiang-tiang). Joglo terbuka tanpa dinding disebut Bangsal, sedangkan Joglo berdinding disebut Gedhong. Selain itu, ada bangunan yang disebut Tratag, yang secara tradisional dibuat dalam bentuk kanopi beratap bambu dengan tiang bambu (bahan ini telah diganti dengan atap seng dan tiang besi agar strukturnya lebih permanen). Lihat Gambar untuk contoh desain khas Bangsal.
Terdapat 107 atribut di Kompleks Kraton yang berkontribusi terhadap OUV, namun di sini hanya akan disebutkan Kompleks Bagian Dalam Kraton dan Alun-Alunnya (I.B.2) yang paling penting sebagai bukti OUV warisan dunia. Sebelas (11) atribut yang diuraikan pada bagian berikut adalah sebagai berikut: Alun-Alun Kidul (Alun-Alun Selatan) termasuk dua pohon beringin (1.B.2.96), Sitihinggil Kidul (1.B.2.85), Halaman Kamandungan Kidul (Selatan Halaman Kamandungan) (1.B.2.92), Pangongan (1.B.2.80), Halaman Kamagangan (1.B.2.91), Halaman Kedhaton (1.B.2.90), Halaman Srimanganti (1.B.2.89) , Halaman Kamandungan Lor (Halaman Kamandungan Utara) (1.B.2.88), Halaman Pagelaran dan Sitihinggil Lor (Halaman Pagelaran dan Sitihinggil Utara) (1.B.2.87), Museum Kereta Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (1.B.2.1), dan Alun-Alun Lor (Alun-Alun Utara) termasuk dua pohon beringin (1.B.2.2).
Alamat
Address
Jl. Rotowijayan Blok No. 1, Panembahan, Kecamatan Kraton, Kota Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Detil Atribut
Attribute Details
Attribute Type
Buildings
Attribute #
A.2
Component
1
Year Built
1756 CE
Ownership
The Sultanate
The layout of the Kraton palace is imbued with symbolic meaning and, along with the performing arts and rituals, is inextricably tied to Javanese Kingship and civilization, which have been developed and refined since the 16th century CE by the royal courts of the Mataram Kingdoms. The location, size, orientation, name, and utilisation of its buildings, pavilions, courtyards, gates, fields and trees are all imbued with symbolic meaning. The complex is protected under national cultural heritage law (SK Menteri NoPM.07/PW.007/MKP/2010).
The Kraton is divided into the seven (7) courtyards (plataran) with squares (alun-alun) to the north and south. Each courtyard is connected by a regol (gate) which is a barrier between one courtyard and another. Each courtyard has its own meaning and function which are regulated under the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat ’s traditional management system (Tata Rakiting Wewangunan). For example, certain sacred dances may be performed only on important occasions and only in specific areas of the Kraton. Likewise, the offerings prepared for rituals must be prepared in certain spaces (plataran) within the Kraton. The centre of the Kraton Complex is considered the most sacred, and is the the touching point between the macro-micro worlds.. The residence of the Sultan is in this centre section along with the most significant structures where sacred rituals, and dances are performed and where the eternal flame is kept.
The large majority of the buildings of the Kraton follow a traditional Javanese architectural style, although in certain buildings, constructed from the 20th century onwards, there are influences from European building traditions and materials. The buildings in the Kraton are usually shaped in a Joglo style (a large pavilion-like structure built on columns). An open Joglo without walls is called Bangsal, while a Joglo with walls is called Gedhong (building). In addition, there are buildings called Tratag, which traditionally were made in the form of bamboo-roofed canopies with bamboo poles (this material was replaced in the Kraton with tin roofs and iron posts to make the structures more permanent). See Figure for an example of a typical Bangsal design.
There are 107 attributes in the Kraton Complex that contribute to the OUV, however, this description of the Inner Complex of the Palace and Its Squares (I.B.2) will focus on the attributes in the complex which best communicate the OUV of the property. The eleven (11) attributes described in the following section are as follows: Alun-Alun Kidul (Southern Square) including two beringan trees (1.B.2.96), Sitihinggil Kidul (1.B.2.85 ), Kamandungan Kidul Courtyard (Southern Kamandungan Courtyard) (1.B.2.92), Pangongan Passage (1.B.2.80), Kamagangan Courtyard (1.B.2.91), Kedhaton Courtyard (1.B.2.90), Srimanganti Courtyard (1.B.2.89), Kamandungan Lor Courtyard (Northern Kamandungan Courtyard) (1.B.2.88), Pagelaran and Sitihinggil Lor Courtyard (Northern Pagelaran and Sitihinggil Courtyard) (1.B.2.87), Royal Stables and Carriage Complex (1.B.2.1), and Alun-Alun Lor (Northern Square) including two banyan trees (1.B.2.2).